Harmful Practices Against Women and Girls

Introduction

So many Harmful traditional practices are deeply rooted in cultural customs in many clans around the world and have been persisted across generations, inflicting severe physical and psychological harm on women and girls. These practices emanate from long-standing traditions; however, they fundamentally violate human rights and the dignity of women and girls. These customs have proven to be harmful to the development and mental health of women and girls. There have been efforts both locally and internationally to eradicate harmful traditional practices against women and girls. However, these efforts have faced serious resistance in some countries, as the challenge of implementing legal frameworks and prosecuting perpetrators has not been entirely successful.

1. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a practice that involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia. It is usually performed for non-medical reasons, soften under unsanitary conditions. The procedures range from clitoridectomy, which is the removal of the clitoris, to infibulation, which involves sewing together the vaginal opening. The practice is typically carried out on young girls between infancy and age 15. In some cultures, FGM is seen as a rite of passage or a way to ensure chastity and control female sexuality. It is often supported by traditions or beliefs about maintaining family honour.

The immediate effects of FGM include severe pain, bleeding, and an increased risk of infections due to the unsanitary conditions in which it is performed. Long-term health consequences are also significant. Women who have undergone FGM may experience chronic pain, complications in childbirth, and difficulties in sexual relations. The psychological impact can be profound, leading to trauma and long-lasting emotional distress. Additionally, FGM can result in severe complications such as recurrent infections, difficulties during menstruation, and problems with urination.

FGM represents a grave violation of human rights. It infringes on the right to health, the right to be free from torture and inhumane treatment, and the right to bodily integrity. By forcing individuals into this practice, their fundamental rights to personal freedom and safety are severely compromised. International bodies such as the United Nations and various human rights organizations have condemned FGM and called for its eradication. According to a report by Unicef ” 230 million girls and women in the word have been cut” However, despite these efforts, FGM remains prevalent in various regions. It is most commonly practiced in parts of Africa, such as Somalia, Ethiopia, and Egypt. In the Middle East, it is seen in countries like Yemen. Additionally, it has been reported among migrant communities in Europe and North America, indicating a global persistence of the practice is Harmful Practices Against Women and Girls.

2. Child Marriage

Child marriage is a practice where individuals, usually girls, are married before the age of 18. This practice is driven by a mix of cultural, economic, and social factors, and it can occur either through formal ceremonies or informal arrangements. Child marriage often results from societal expectations or economic pressures, where families may see marriage as a means to secure their daughters’ futures or reduce financial burdens. In some cases, it is linked to the desire to preserve family honour or comply with traditional norms.

The effects of child marriage are profound and detrimental to the development of Girls. Girls who marry early face health risks, including serious complications during pregnancy and childbirth, which can be life-threatening due to their physical immaturity. Early marriage often results in limited educational opportunities and economic disadvantages, as girls are frequently forced to drop out of school to take on domestic responsibilities. This can trap them in a cycle of poverty and restrict their future opportunities and aspirations. Furthermore, child brides are more prone to experience domestic violence and face challenges in asserting their autonomy and will in the marriage.

Child marriage is a serious violation of human rights, infringing upon the rights to education, health, and personal freedom of a child. It deprives girls of their childhood and denies them the opportunity to make their own choices about their lives and futures. International treaties and conventions, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), call for the end of child marriage. Despite these international standards, the practice remains widespread in regions such as South Asia (India, Bangladesh), sub-Saharan Africa (Niger, Mali), and parts of the Middle East (Yemen). It continues to persist in various communities due to deep-rooted cultural norms and socio-economic factors.

3. Son Preference

Son preference refers to the cultural or societal bias favouring male children over female children. This practice is often rooted in traditional beliefs that value sons more highly than daughters, seeing them as carriers of family name or as contributors to household income. In some cultures, sons are considered essential for continuing the family lineage or for performing important religious rituals, while daughters are seen as financial burdens due to dowries or bride prices.

The impact of son preference on girls is severe and multifaceted. It can lead to gender-based neglect, where female children receive less food, healthcare, and education compared to their male siblings. This disparity results in higher rates of female infant mortality and reduced life expectancy for women. Additionally, the preference for sons can lead to imbalanced sex ratios in the population, affecting the social dynamics and perpetuating gender inequality. The devaluation of female children reinforces discriminatory attitudes and practices, limiting their opportunities and access to resources.

Son preference infringes upon the rights of girls to equality and non-discrimination. It undermines their right to equal access to resources and opportunities, denying them the benefits and protection afforded to male children. International human rights instruments, such as CEDAW and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, advocate for the elimination of discriminatory practices based on gender. Despite these international efforts, son preference remains prevalent in various countries, particularly in South Asia (India, China, Pakistan) and East Asia (South Korea, Taiwan). It is also observed in some regions of North Africa and the Middle East, where cultural values and economic factors continue to drive this bias which is Harmful to women and girls.

4. Honor-Based Violence

Honor-based violence encompasses acts of violence committed against individuals, typically women, who are perceived to have dishonoured their family or community. This form of violence can include physical assaults, psychological abuse, and even murder. The justification for such violence is often linked to cultural or religious beliefs that place high value on family honour and see women’s behaviour as reflecting on the entire family’s reputation.

The effects of honor-based violence are devastating. Victims may suffer severe physical injuries, emotional trauma, and social ostracism. The violence often results in long-lasting psychological effects, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. The practice perpetuates a cycle of fear and control, limiting the freedom and autonomy of women and reinforcing oppressive social norms. It also creates an environment where victims are isolated from support systems and justice.

Honor-based violence is a severe infringement on human rights, including the right to life, personal security, and freedom from torture or inhumane treatment. It disregards the rights of individuals to make choices about their lives and bodies without fear of violence. Legal frameworks and international conventions, such as CEDAW and the Istanbul Convention, seek to protect individuals from such violence. However, honor-based violence persists in various countries, including parts of the Middle East (Jordan, Iraq), South Asia (Pakistan, Afghanistan), and among certain communities in Europe (United Kingdom, Sweden).

5. Dowry-Related Violence

Dowry-related violence occurs when disputes or dissatisfaction over the dowry—a financial or material gift given by the bride’s family to the groom’s family—lead to harm or abuse against the bride. This practice is prevalent in societies where dowries are a traditional requirement for marriage. Violence may include physical abuse, emotional manipulation, and even murder, often under the guise of resolving dowry disputes.

The impact on girls and women is profound and distressing. Dowry-related violence can result in severe physical injuries, long-term psychological trauma, and, in extreme cases, death. Victims of dowry violence often face isolation and lack access to support or legal recourse. The violence perpetuates a cycle of exploitation and abuse, reinforcing gender inequality and reducing women’s autonomy.

Dowry-related violence infringes on fundamental human rights, including the right to be free from violence and discrimination. It undermines women’s right to personal security and autonomy, subjecting them to harmful practices that are rooted in traditional and economic pressures. International human rights instruments, such as CEDAW, call for the elimination of dowry-related violence and the protection of women’s rights. Despite these efforts, dowry-related violence remains a significant issue in countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, where dowry practices are entrenched in cultural traditions.

6. Virginity Testing

Virginity testing is a practice where a woman’s virginity is verified, typically through a physical examination of the hymen, often without her consent. This practice is used to enforce sexual purity standards and control women’s sexuality, often leading to stigmatization and abuse.

The effects on women subjected to virginity testing are damaging and multifaceted. The practice can cause physical harm, including pain and injury, as well as emotional trauma and psychological distress. Women who undergo virginity testing may experience significant mental health issues, including anxiety and depression, as well as social stigma and loss of dignity. The practice also reinforces harmful gender norms and perpetuates the control over women’s bodies and sexuality.

Virginity testing infringes upon the rights to bodily autonomy, privacy, and freedom from cruel and inhumane treatment. It violates individuals’ rights to make personal decisions about their own bodies and lives. International human rights organizations and legal frameworks, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), advocate for the prohibition of such practices. However, virginity testing persists in some cultures and communities around the world, including parts of the Middle East (Egypt) and South Asia (India). Harmful

7. Bride Price and Bride Kidnapping

Bride price refers to a practice where the groom or his family pays a sum of money or valuables to the bride’s family in exchange for her hand in marriage. Bride kidnapping, on the other hand, involves forcibly abducting a woman to marry her. Both practices are often rooted in traditional and patriarchal norms that view women as property.

The effects of bride price and bride kidnapping on women can be severe. Bride price can lead to the commodification of women, where their worth is measured in financial terms. It can also perpetuate gender inequality and reinforce patriarchal control.

Bride kidnapping can result in physical harm, psychological trauma, and the denial of personal autonomy. Both practices can lead to forced marriages and limit women’s opportunities and rights.

These practices infringe upon women’s rights to personal freedom, dignity, and security. They perpetuate gender-based violence and discrimination, often under the guise of tradition. International human rights frameworks, such as CEDAW, condemn such practices and advocate for women’s rights and autonomy. Despite these efforts, bride price and bride kidnapping persist in some regions, including parts of Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya) and Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan).

8. Polygamy

Polygamy is the practice of having more than one spouse simultaneously, and it is often justified by cultural or religious beliefs. In many cases, it involves a man having multiple wives, though polyandry (a woman having multiple husbands) also occurs. The practice can lead to a range of issues, including gender inequality and family dynamics.

The impact of polygamy on women can be significant. Women in polygamous marriages may experience a lack of personal autonomy, unequal treatment, and competition for resources and attention within the family. Polygamous relationships can perpetuate gender inequalities and limit women’s opportunities for personal and economic development. The dynamics within polygamous families can also create conflicts and stress, affecting the overall well-being of family members.

Polygamy can infringe upon women’s rights to equality and personal freedom. It often reinforces patriarchal structures and limits women’s ability to make choices about their own lives. International human rights frameworks, such as CEDAW, address gender inequality and advocate for the protection of women’s rights. Despite these efforts, polygamy remains practiced in various regions, including parts of Africa (Nigeria, South Africa) and the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Jordan).

9. Scarification

Scarification is a practice where the skin is deliberately cut or burned to create permanent scars for cultural, religious, or aesthetic reasons. This practice is often carried out during adolescence as a rite of passage or to signify membership in a particular group or community.

The effects of scarification can be severe and multifaceted. The procedure can cause significant physical pain, risk of infections, and long-term health issues such as scarring and keloid formation. Psychologically, scarification can lead to trauma and distress, particularly if performed under coercion or without consent. The practice also reinforces harmful cultural norms and can impact individuals’ self-esteem and social integration.

Scarification infringes upon individuals’ rights to bodily integrity and freedom from cruel and inhumane treatment. It disregards personal autonomy and subjects individuals to physical harm in the name of tradition or cultural norms. International human rights frameworks, such as the Convention Against Torture, condemn practices that involve unnecessary pain and suffering. Despite these international standards, scarification continues in some cultures, including parts of Africa (Nigeria, Sudan) and Papua New Guinea.

10. Acid Attacks

Acid attacks involve the intentional throwing of acid or corrosive substances onto an individual, often aimed at women, to cause severe injuries or disfigurement. This form of violence is used as a means of revenge, coercion, or punishment, often in response to perceived transgressions or disagreements.

The impact of acid attacks is devastating and long-lasting. Victims can suffer severe physical injuries, including burns, disfigurement, and permanent disabilities. The psychological trauma from such attacks is profound, leading to depression, anxiety, and social isolation. Acid attacks can also have significant social and economic consequences, affecting victims’ ability to work and participate fully in society.

Acid attacks infringe upon individuals’ rights to life, bodily integrity, and freedom from violence. They represent a severe form of gender-based violence and are often used to control and punish women. International human rights instruments, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and various regional human rights agreements, condemn such practices. Despite these efforts, acid attacks persist in some regions, including South Asia (India, Bangladesh) and parts of the Middle East (Pakistan).

11. Sexual Harassment

Sexual harassment involves unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favours, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that creates a hostile or intimidating environment. It can occur in various settings, including workplaces, educational institutions, and public spaces. Sexual harassment is often used to exert power or control over individuals, typically women, and can manifest as inappropriate touching, suggestive comments, or unwanted advances.

The impact of sexual harassment on individuals can be severe and pervasive. Victims often experience significant emotional and psychological distress, including anxiety, depression, and trauma. The harassment can also lead to negative social and professional consequences, such as disrupted careers, diminished academic performance, and strained personal relationships. The hostile environment created by harassment can undermine individuals’ sense of safety and well-being.

Sexual harassment infringes upon individuals’ rights to dignity, respect, and equality. It violates the right to work and learn in an environment free from discrimination and harassment. International human rights frameworks, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) conventions, address sexual harassment and advocate for measures to prevent and address it. Despite these standards, sexual harassment remains prevalent worldwide, with notable occurrences in various sectors and regions, including workplaces in North America (United States, Canada), educational institutions in Europe (United Kingdom, France), and public spaces globally.

12. Forced Marriage

Forced marriage occurs when one or both parties enter into a marriage against their will, often due to coercion or pressure from family members or cultural norms. Unlike arranged marriages, where both parties have a say, forced marriages involve a lack of consent and are often characterized by the use of threats or violence to ensure compliance.

The effects of forced marriage on individuals are profound and damaging. Victims may experience a range of physical and psychological harms, including domestic violence, sexual abuse, and mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. The lack of autonomy in forced marriages can lead to a sense of entrapment and powerlessness, impacting overall well-being and personal development. Additionally, forced marriage can disrupt education and career opportunities, trapping individuals in cycles of dependence and abuse.

Forced marriage infringes upon fundamental human rights, including the right to freely choose one’s partner and the right to be free from coercion and violence. International human rights instruments, such as CEDAW and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), condemn forced marriage and call for legal measures to prevent and address it. Despite these international commitments, forced marriage remains a concern in various regions, including parts of South Asia (India, Pakistan), Africa (Somalia, Sudan), and the Middle East (Yemen, Saudi Arabia).

13. Excision and Infibulation

Excision and infibulation are forms of female genital mutilation (FGM) that involve the partial or total removal of the external genitalia, often performed for cultural or religious reasons. Excision refers to the removal of the clitoris and possibly the labia, while infibulation involves the narrowing of the vaginal opening through stitching or other means. These procedures are often carried out under unsanitary conditions and can have severe health implications.

The impact of excision and infibulation is significant and multifaceted. The immediate effects include severe pain, bleeding, and an increased risk of infections. Long-term consequences can include chronic pain, difficulties during childbirth, and psychological trauma. Women who undergo these procedures may also experience sexual dysfunction and complications related to menstruation and urination. The practice reinforces harmful gender norms and restricts women’s autonomy and well-being.

Excision and infibulation infringe upon individuals’ rights to bodily integrity, health, and freedom from cruel and inhumane treatment. These practices violate international human rights standards, such as those outlined in CEDAW and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Efforts to eradicate these practices include legal reforms and educational initiatives in countries where FGM is prevalent, such as Somalia, Egypt, and Sudan. Despite these efforts, excision and infibulation continue in various regions, reflecting the persistence of traditional beliefs and practices.

14. Gender-Based Abortion

Gender-based abortion refers to the practice of terminating a pregnancy based on the sex of the fetus, often due to a preference for male children. This practice is driven by cultural or societal biases that value male children over female children, leading to skewed sex ratios and demographic imbalances.

The effects of gender-based abortion are significant and wide-reaching. It contributes to gender imbalances in populations, which can lead to social and economic consequences, including increased rates of gender-based violence and trafficking. The practice also reflects and perpetuates deep-seated gender inequalities, reinforcing the notion that male children are more valuable than female children. Additionally, gender-based abortion can have psychological impacts on individuals involved in the decision-making process, including feelings of guilt and remorse.

Gender-based abortion infringes upon the rights of individuals to equality and non-discrimination. It undermines the principles of gender equality and perpetuates harmful stereotypes and biases. International human rights frameworks, such as CEDAW and various regional agreements, advocate for the elimination of gender-based discrimination and the protection of reproductive rights. Despite these international standards, gender-based abortion remains a concern in countries with strong son preference, including China, India, and South Korea.

15. Inheritance Discrimination

Inheritance discrimination occurs when individuals, typically women, are denied their rightful share of inheritance due to gender biases or cultural norms. This practice often results in women receiving less than their male counterparts, limiting their economic independence and reinforcing gender inequality.

The impact of inheritance discrimination on women is significant. It affects their financial security, access to resources, and overall economic empowerment. Women who are denied inheritance rights may face poverty and lack of access to essential services, including education and healthcare. Inheritance discrimination also perpetuates gender inequality by reinforcing the notion that women are less deserving of economic assets and resources.

Inheritance discrimination infringes upon individuals’ rights to equality, property, and economic security. It undermines the principles of non-discrimination and fair treatment enshrined in international human rights agreements, such as CEDAW and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Efforts to address inheritance discrimination include legal reforms and advocacy in regions where gender biases are prevalent, such as parts of Africa (Kenya, Uganda) and South Asia (Nepal, Bangladesh). Despite these efforts, inheritance discrimination persists in various communities, reflecting entrenched cultural norms and practices.

16. Early Pregnancy and Forced Childbirth

Early pregnancy and forced childbirth involve situations where young girls are compelled to bear children, often due to cultural practices, forced marriages, or lack of access to reproductive health services. This practice is often linked to child marriage and reflects a disregard for the health and well-being of young girls.

The effects of early pregnancy and forced childbirth are severe and detrimental. Young girls who become pregnant face significant health risks, including complications during pregnancy and childbirth, which can be life-threatening due to their physical immaturity. The practice also impacts their educational and economic opportunities, as they may be forced to drop out of school and face social stigma. Additionally, early pregnancy and forced childbirth can have long-term psychological effects, including trauma and depression.

Early pregnancy and forced childbirth infringe upon the rights of young girls to health, education, and personal autonomy. These practices violate international human rights standards, including those outlined in CEDAW and the CRC. Efforts to address these issues include legal reforms, educational programs, and access to reproductive health services in regions where early pregnancy and forced childbirth are prevalent, such as parts of Africa (Niger, Chad) and South Asia (Bangladesh, India). Despite these efforts, the practice continues in some areas due to entrenched cultural norms and limited access to resources.

17. Traditional Healer Abuse

Traditional healer abuse involves the exploitation and harm inflicted by individuals who claim to possess supernatural or medical powers. This abuse can include forced treatments, physical harm, and psychological manipulation, often targeting vulnerable individuals, including women and children.

The impact of traditional healer abuse can be severe and multifaceted. Victims may suffer physical injuries, psychological trauma, and social isolation. The abuse often occurs under the guise of spiritual or medical treatment, leading to a lack of recourse or support for those affected. Additionally, traditional healer abuse can perpetuate harmful beliefs and practices, reinforcing power imbalances and exploitation within communities.

Traditional healer abuse infringes upon individuals’ rights to safety, health, and freedom from exploitation. It violates principles of non-discrimination and fair treatment, as outlined in international human rights frameworks such as CEDAW and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Efforts to address traditional healer abuse include legal reforms and advocacy in regions where such practices are prevalent, including parts of Africa (Nigeria, Ghana) and South Asia (Nepal, India). Despite these efforts, traditional healer abuse continues in some areas due to cultural beliefs and limited oversight.

18. Social Ostracism and Honour Killing

Social ostracism and honour killing involve the exclusion or punishment of individuals, typically women, who are perceived to have dishonoured their family or community. Honour killings often involve murder or severe violence inflicted upon individuals accused of violating cultural or social norms.

The impact of social ostracism and honour killing is profound and devastating. Victims may face severe physical harm, psychological trauma, and social exclusion. Honour killings, in particular, result in loss of life and contribute to a culture of fear and control. These practices reinforce harmful gender norms and limit individuals’ freedom and autonomy, creating an environment where violence is used to enforce conformity.

Social ostracism and honour killing infringe upon individuals’ rights to life, safety, and freedom from violence. They violate principles of non-discrimination and human dignity en

shrined in international human rights agreements, such as CEDAW and the UDHR. Efforts to combat these practices include legal reforms and advocacy in regions where they are prevalent, including parts of South Asia (Pakistan, India) and the Middle East (Jordan, Saudi Arabia). Despite these efforts, social ostracism and honour killing persist in some areas due to entrenched cultural and social norms.

19. Virginity Testing

Virginity testing is a practice where an individual’s virginity is assessed through physical examination or other means, often for the purpose of verifying sexual purity before marriage. This practice is typically enforced by cultural or societal expectations and can lead to significant psychological and social consequences.

The impact of virginity testing is significant and harmful. The practice can lead to severe psychological trauma, including anxiety, depression, and loss of self-esteem. It also perpetuates harmful gender norms and reinforces the notion that women’s worth is tied to their sexual purity. Virginity testing can result in social stigma and discrimination, affecting individuals’ opportunities and social standing.

Virginity testing infringes upon individuals’ rights to privacy, bodily integrity, and freedom from discrimination. It violates principles of gender equality and personal autonomy enshrined in international human rights frameworks, such as CEDAW and the UDHR. Efforts to address virginity testing include legal reforms and advocacy in regions where the practice is prevalent, including parts of Africa (Egypt, Sudan) and South Asia (India, Pakistan). Despite these efforts, virginity testing continues in some areas due to entrenched cultural norms and practices.

20. Early Marriage

Early marriage involves the marriage of individuals, typically girls, before they reach adulthood. This practice is often driven by cultural, economic, or social factors and can result in significant consequences for the individuals involved.

The impact of early marriage is severe and multifaceted. Young girls who marry early often face health risks associated with early pregnancy and childbirth, including complications and increased mortality rates. Early marriage also disrupts educational opportunities and limits economic prospects, trapping individuals in cycles of poverty and dependence. Additionally, early marriage can lead to psychological trauma and reduced personal autonomy.

Early marriage infringes upon individuals’ rights to education, health, and personal freedom. It violates international human rights standards, including those outlined in CEDAW and the CRC. Efforts to address early marriage include legal reforms, educational programs, and advocacy in regions where the practice is prevalent, such as parts of Africa (Niger, Chad) and South Asia (Bangladesh, India). Despite these efforts, early marriage remains a concern in some areas due to cultural traditions and economic factors.

21. Bride Price

Bride price is a practice where a groom or his family pays a monetary or material value to the bride’s family as compensation or to secure a marriage. This practice often reflects and reinforces gender inequalities and can have significant consequences for the individuals involved.

The impact of bride price can be significant, particularly for women. It can perpetuate the notion that women are property to be bought and sold, undermining their autonomy and dignity. Women may experience reduced bargaining power and increased vulnerability to abuse within marriage. The practice can also reinforce harmful gender norms and limit women’s opportunities for personal and economic development.

Bride price infringes upon women’s rights to equality, dignity, and personal freedom. It violates principles of non-discrimination and fair treatment, as outlined in international human rights frameworks such as CEDAW. Efforts to address bride price include legal reforms and advocacy in regions where the practice is prevalent, including parts of Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya) and Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan). Despite these efforts, bride price continues in some areas, reflecting persistent harmful cultural norms and practices.

22. Bride Kidnapping

Bride kidnapping involves the abduction of a woman or girl with the intent of forcing her into marriage. This practice often occurs without the victim’s consent and can involve coercion, violence, and psychological manipulation.

The impact of bride kidnapping is severe and multifaceted. Victims may experience physical harm, psychological trauma, and a loss of personal autonomy. The practice often leads to forced marriages and can limit the victim’s opportunities and rights. Additionally, bride kidnapping reinforces harmful gender norms and perpetuates cycles of violence and abuse.

Bride kidnapping infringes upon individuals’ rights to personal freedom, dignity, and security. It violates principles of non-discrimination and protection from violence, as outlined in international human rights agreements such as CEDAW and the UDHR. Efforts to combat bride kidnapping include legal reforms and advocacy in regions where it is prevalent, including parts of Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya) and Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan). Despite these efforts, bride kidnapping remains a concern in some areas due to entrenched cultural practices harmful to women and girls.

23. Polygamy

Polygamy is the practice of having more than one spouse simultaneously, often justified by cultural or religious beliefs. This practice can involve a man having multiple wives or, less commonly, a woman having multiple husbands.

The impact of polygamy on women can be profound. Women in polygamous marriages may face unequal treatment, lack of personal autonomy, and competition for resources and attention within the family. The practice can perpetuate gender inequalities and limit women’s opportunities for personal and economic development. Additionally, polygamous relationships can create conflicts and stress, affecting the overall well-being of family members.

Polygamy infringes upon women’s rights to equality, personal freedom, and fair treatment. It reinforces patriarchal structures and limits women’s ability to make choices about their own lives. International human rights frameworks, such as CEDAW, address gender inequality and advocate for the protection of women’s rights. Efforts to address polygamy include legal reforms and advocacy in regions where it is practiced, including parts of Africa (Nigeria, South Africa) and the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Jordan). Despite these efforts, polygamy continues in some areas due to entrenched cultural and religious beliefs.

24. Scarification

Scarification is a practice where the skin is deliberately cut or burned to create permanent scars, often for cultural, religious, or aesthetic reasons. This practice is sometimes performed during adolescence as a rite of passage or to signify membership in a particular group or community.

The impact of scarification can be severe. The procedure can cause significant physical pain, risk of infections, and long-term health issues such as scarring and keloid formation. Psychologically, scarification can lead to trauma and distress, particularly if performed under coercion or without consent. The practice also reinforces harmful cultural norms and can affect individuals’ self-esteem and social integration.

Scarification infringes upon individuals’ rights to bodily integrity and freedom from cruel and inhumane treatment. It disregards personal autonomy and subjects individuals to physical harm in the name of tradition or cultural norms. International human rights frameworks, such as the Convention Against Torture, condemn practices that involve unnecessary pain and suffering. Efforts to address scarification include legal reforms and advocacy in regions where the practice is prevalent, including parts of Africa (Nigeria, Sudan) and Papua New Guinea. Despite these efforts, scarification continues in some areas due to entrenched cultural practices.

25. Acid Attacks

Acid attacks involve the intentional throwing of acid or corrosive substances onto an individual, often women, to cause severe injuries or disfigurement. This form of violence is used as a means of revenge, coercion, or punishment, often in response to perceived transgressions or disagreements.

Acid attacks infringe upon individuals’ rights to life, bodily integrity, and freedom from violence. They represent a severe form of gender-based violence and are often used to control and punish women. International human rights instruments, such as CEDAW and various regional human rights agreements, condemn such practices. Efforts to address acid attacks include legal reforms and advocacy in regions where they are prevalent, including South Asia (India, Bangladesh) and parts of the Middle East (Pakistan). Despite these efforts, acid attacks continue in some areas due to societal norms and inadequate enforcement of legal protections.

26. Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking

Sexual exploitation and trafficking involve the illegal and exploitative trade of individuals for sexual purposes. Victims, often women and children, are subjected to various forms of abuse, including forced prostitution, pornography, and sexual servitude. This practice is driven by criminal networks and often involves significant coercion and violence.

The impact of sexual exploitation and trafficking is severe and multi-dimensional. Victims face physical abuse, psychological trauma, and severe exploitation. They may suffer long-term health issues, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and mental health disorders. The practice also disrupts individuals’ lives, isolating them from support systems and opportunities for recovery.

Sexual exploitation and trafficking infringe upon individuals’ rights to safety, dignity, and freedom from violence. These practices violate principles of non-discrimination and human rights, as outlined in international frameworks such as CEDAW and the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons. Efforts to combat sexual exploitation and trafficking include international cooperation, legal reforms, and support services for victims. However, despite these efforts, sexual exploitation and trafficking persist in various regions, including parts of Southeast Asia (Thailand, Cambodia) and Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Moldova), reflecting ongoing challenges in addressing these harmful issues.

27. Forced Labour and Exploitation

Forced labour and exploitation involve situations where individuals are coerced or deceived into working under conditions of severe exploitation, often with little or no pay. This practice

is prevalent in various industries, including agriculture, construction, and domestic work, and often affects vulnerable populations, including women and children.

The impact of forced labour and exploitation is severe. Victims endure harsh working conditions, inadequate remuneration, and lack of basic rights and protections. They may experience physical and psychological abuse, including threats and intimidation. The practice undermines individuals’ dignity, freedom, and economic security, trapping them in cycles of poverty and exploitation.

Forced labour and exploitation infringe upon individuals’ rights to freedom, fair treatment, and protection from abuse. These practices violate international human rights standards, such as the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) conventions on forced labour. Efforts to combat forced labour and exploitation include international cooperation, legal reforms, and advocacy for workers’ rights. Despite these efforts, forced labour and exploitation continue in various regions, including parts of Asia (India, Bangladesh) and Latin America (Brazil, Mexico), reflecting ongoing challenges in addressing these harmful issues.

Legal Framework for Protection

Local Framework

National laws and regulations play a critical role in combating harmful traditional practices. Many countries have enacted specific anti-violence and protection statutes aimed at addressing practices such as FGM, child marriage, and gender-based violence. For instance, Ethiopia has introduced comprehensive laws against FGM, while Bangladesh has implemented legislation to protect children from early marriage. However, the effectiveness of these laws often depends on proper implementation and enforcement.

Challenges in enforcement include limited resources, inadequate legal infrastructure, and resistance from traditional leaders. To address these issues, there is a need for increased investment in legal and judicial systems, as well as community-based initiatives that promote awareness and support for victims. Strengthening local frameworks is crucial for ensuring that laws are effectively enforced and that individuals who perpetrate these practices are held accountable.

Regional Framework

Regional frameworks provide an additional layer of protection by addressing harmful traditional practices through treaties, agreements, and regional organizations. The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, for example, sets out principles for protecting individuals from harmful practices and promotes gender equality. Regional organizations such as the African Union and the European Union play a role in advocating for and implementing these principles through regional policies and initiatives.

Regional court rulings and resolutions also contribute to addressing harmful practices. For instance, the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights has issued rulings on cases related to FGM and child marriage, reinforcing the need for member states to comply with human rights standards. Strengthening regional cooperation and ensuring that regional frameworks are effectively implemented can help in addressing and combating harmful practices across different countries.

International Framework

The international legal framework provides a global standard for protecting women and girls from harmful traditional practices. International treaties and conventions, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), establish legal obligations for countries to eliminate discriminatory practices and protect human rights. These instruments are supported by United Nations resolutions and mechanisms that monitor compliance and provide recommendations for improvement.

International human rights organizations, such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, play a crucial role in advocating for the rights of women and girls and raising awareness about harmful practices. Their reports and campaigns help to highlight issues and pressure governments to take action. Continued international collaboration and support are essential for advancing efforts to eliminate harmful traditional practices and ensuring that global standards for human rights are upheld.

Conclusion

Harmful traditional practices against women and girls represent a significant challenge to achieving gender equality and human rights. Addressing these practices requires a multi-tiered approach, including strengthening local, regional, and international legal frameworks. By raising awareness, advocating for legal reforms, and supporting community-based initiatives, we can work towards ending these practices and protecting the rights and well-being of women and girls worldwide. It is crucial for all stakeholders—governments, civil society, and international organizations—to collaborate in creating a safer and more equitable world for everyone.

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